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Purpose This paper aims to explore the comparative analysis of marketing strategies between seaports and dry ports. Second, this paper proposes a recommendation to improve marketing approaches in both nodes.Design/methodology/approach This research analyzes current marketing approaches to improve the freight volume and enhance interrelation between them for a comprehensive collaboration in the freight supply chain. This research employed semi-structured interviews via an e-interview questionnaire.Findings The result shows that dry port and seaport practice a mixed marketing strategy. Some marketing elements that a seaport applies are also applied by a dry port, like focusing on the target customer, joining exhibitions and face-to-face meetings. Customized service to clients, frequent discussion on the effective marketing plans and increasing the facilities at the seaport and dry ports can improve the marketing strategies in dry port and seaports.Originality/value Seaports are the critical components in esteem-driven context, which add to supply chains by creating value-added services in the transport chain. Nonetheless, research between dry ports and seaports has increasingly drawn the attention of scholars during the last decade. Having said like that, there have not been any pragmatic studies undertaken in the Malaysian context that mainly discusses the marketing prospect of the dry ports and seaports especially during COVID-19 outbreak.
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Maritime security is facing many challenges due to war conflicts, geopolitics, sanctions, and pandemics. The supply chain for maritime containers has faced considerable obstacles as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous factors, such as port closures, travel restrictions, and a decreased workforce, have impacted the supply chain. The risk of cargo theft, piracy, and other security events has increased as a result of these difficulties. Therefore, it is essential to look at the risk variables that may affect the security of the marine container supply chain during the pandemic. This research paper highlights those risks through the following three indexes: the likelihood index (LI), severity index (SI), and average risk index (ARI) by analyzing 64 risk factors that were prepared and designed by incorporating the Delphi expert survey technique to prepare a systematic questionnaire. The article addresses worries over the COVID-19 pandemic's effects on international supply networks. The causes of the most recent global shipping industry disruptions and their impact on supply chains have been thoroughly examined. In order to reduce the number of disruptions in global supply chains and lower the direct and indirect costs for consumers, the authors have also mentioned the necessary actions that must be implemented. The results concluded after the analysis pointed to "management activities,” such as human resources or the working environment as having the highest possibility of going wrong, whereas "operation activities” were judged to likely be the fatal ones if the security of maritime containers was ever compromised. The main objective of the study is to evaluate how the COVID-19 epidemic may affect international shipping, particularly container shipping, which is currently the most important link in the world's multimodal land–sea supply chains.
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PurposeIn past years, the global supply chain has witnessed devastating effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has renewed the interest of the Sustainable Supply Chain (SSC) stakeholders on sustainability. The stakeholders are now rethinking their business processes and strategy to make them sustainable. In this context, the relevant literature is required to support emerging markets to formulate sustainability-focussed strategies. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of potential antecedents that leads towards sustainable development of freight transportation in emerging markets.Design/methodology/approachInitially, the antecedents of the Sustainable Freight Transport (SFT) system are derived from the literature survey followed by verification from the experts. Then, the potential antecedents are categorized under four (social, organizational, operational and environmental) broad categories. Afterwards, a Neutrosophic Analytic Network Process (N-ANP) method is employed to obtain the priority weights of the identified potential antecedents.FindingsThe paper identified and ranked 17 antecedents of the SFT system. According to the study's findings, the top three antecedents of SFT are "the presence of a multimodal transportation system,” "circularity in SFT” and "traffic congestion management”. The results from the study advocate the promotion of existing multi-modal transport facilities which is promising to achieve sustainability. The results suggested the adoption of the digital twin to manage the transport operations.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on how to achieve sustainability in the freight transportation system post-COVID era highlighting the potential antecedents. The study's findings will assist practitioners in developing SFT strategies in the face of such pandemics in future.
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In the maritime industry, The unanticipated COVID-19 viral epidemic is an unforeseeable circumstance, and other nations implemented enormous containment measures to stop the Coronavirus epidemic from spreading around the world. Thus, directly affecting the maritime shipping sector. This paper will discuss the current problems facing the shipping industry, taking into account the congestion problems, delays, and uncertainty timeframes, using the Los Angeles port as a case study. These problems and more were addressed directly by increasing the operating hours, workload, and available staff, and indirectly by looking for alternatives for shipping goods, and creating more cargo space, furthermore, this study will use Monte Carlo simulation to predict the effectiveness of these solutions on the congestion at the port.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of the COVID-19 effects on passenger shipping in Danish waters as an example and aims to analyse the differences in passenger vessel activities and emissions before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Two sets of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data for the passenger ships sailing in Danish waters associated with the whole year respectively for 2020 and 2019 are used for a comprehensive evaluation of the passenger shipping activities in the region by means of the analysis of variance and bottom-up emission models. A comparison of those results based on the two datasets shows that the COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on cruise ships, with a significant reduction in the number of ships, average speed, and average draught. In contrast, the pandemic has a smaller impact on ferry-pax only and ferry-ro pax vessels. The effects can also be seen from the fact that, after the COVID-19 outbreak, SOx emissions from cruise ships, ferry-pax only and ferry-ro pax vessels were reduced by 50.71%, 0.51% and 0.82%, respectively. This investigation provides an important reference for policy makers in the marine environment sector.
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This paper examines the effect of security oversight on air cargo price and demand. We exploit variations in security oversight instituted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). We estimate a simultaneous equation model using proprietary operations data from a major airline in South Korea over the period 2009–2013. This study explores the shipping-charge behavior of a service provider through a modeling approach that considers air cargo security. Our findings show that security oversight increases air cargo demand, controlling for the effect of price. Improving security measures increases the air cargo price, but the magnitude of this increase is small. Our results should help policymakers gauge the benefit of improved security and help airlines design an effective model to determine future air cargo shipping charges under high uncertainty to mitigate short- and long-term financial risks.
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The shipping industry has faced two major challenges during 2019-2022: the implementation of International Maritime Organization (IMO) norms on the maximum allowed sulfur concentration to be 0.5% in marine fuel, which also are known as IMO 2020 norms, from Jan 1, 2020, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted normal operations. The next challenges that the shipping industry is expected to face are the decarbonization 2030 and 2050 norms. This article will focus on the aftermaths of the IMO 2020 norms and the COVID-19 pandemic on the marine lubricants industry and how it is likely to evolve in the future as the shipping industry tries to meet the decarbonization targets.
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To achieve environmental sustainability on ships, stakeholders should make efforts to reduce emissions. Port authorities are crucial to attain this goal by introducing new policies. This study takes the Port of Long Beach as an example to assess port-wide ship emissions and explain the significance of shore power policy. Additionally, the study considers the impact of disruptions, such as the COVID pandemic, on ship emissions. The analysis compares data from three years before and after the pandemic to examine the relationship between ship waiting times, quantities, and emissions. The findings indicate that the majority of port-wide ship emissions are generated by berthing or anchoring vessels, from ship auxiliary engines and boilers. Furthermore, ship congestion due to reduced port productivity during the pandemic significantly increased emissions from berthing and anchoring vessels, with the emission proportion increasing from 68% to 86%. Adopting the shore power policy has effectively reduced ship emissions in port areas, and increasing the number of ships utilising shore power will be instrumental in tackling excessive ship emissions.
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Maritime shipping lines and global terminal operators have benefited from economies of scale to expand geographically and functionally their infrastructure, leading to a corporatized network. Terminal operators are key asset managers seeking value creation by expanding the global maritime container terminal infrastructure network. While corporatization has systematically ensured that terminal capacity was created to accommodate the rise in global trade volumes, the network hit its boundaries when confronted with COVID-19 induced global supply chain disruptions. This paper provides a better understanding of the importance of infrastructure and observed corporatization as a framework for explaining economic processes, notably when transport infrastructures are extensive and capital-intensive. The structure of the global container shipping network is analyzed to unveil the realities of liner service networks operated by shipping lines, and the market structure and consolidation in container shipping and terminal operations. The discussion on the corporatization of the global maritime infrastructure network for container handling is embedded in international business literature. This study also extracts the main implications of the current structure and governance of the global maritime infrastructure network for international business policy, with a particular focus on the current market structure and network resilience.
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The international shipping industry is unique and important. The negative list related to the opening up of the shipping industry is an important part of the reform and innovation of China's pilot free trade zones. In recent years, as countries around the world continue to promote the process of opening up in the fields of trade and services, the negative list system has been used more in international investment and trade agreements. In the field of International Shipping, how to correctly grasp and apply the negative list system is an important topic. Starting with the general concept of the negative list system of shipping market access, this paper reviews and summarizes the developmental processes of the negative list of foreign capital market access in the shipping field since the establishment of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone. It compares and analyzes the international contracting practice of the European Union and the United States as reflected in the negative list of shipping market access. It equally points out that the system connection between the negative list still existing in China's shipping field and the international high standard negative list is not enough. It argues that the transparency of the negative list still needs to be further strengthened as the rules behind the list and the awareness of its risk prevention are weak. In view of these hitches, this paper makes some suggestions that are tilted towards improving the negative list system of China's shipping market access. It also continues the optimization of the negative list of shipping market access, and the improvement of a conscious awareness aimed at avoiding the possible risks of the negative list. Finally, it makes a strong argument for a continuous improvement of China's international shipping competitiveness.
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Oil consumption not only makes up a large percentage of the overall operating expenses for the marine shipping industry, besides that, the tanker sector is a major carrier of global oil supply, which magnifies the relevance of oil market for the shipping industry. In this backdrop, the following study examines the volatility transmission between marine shipping industry's tanker and dry cargo market and oil market using daily data from May 2006 to August 2021 by employing spillover index methodology. The empirical results suggest pronounced spillovers for the tanker market while lower spillovers are observed for dry cargo market, indicating the well-integrated tanker market in comparison to dry cargo sector and oil market. The volatility in oil prices contributed higher spillovers in the tanker market, and remained a net contributor. The volatility in oil prices is a significant source of the volatility transmission during periods of the sudden drop in oil prices coupled with the higher volatility in oil market, and is a net receiver during stable periods. The period of higher spillovers lasts longer for the tanker sector as compared to dry cargo sector. In the particular case of dry cargo market, the smaller (larger) the size of the vessels, the greater (lower) are the spillovers observed (From and To). Hedging turns out be irrelevant during turmoil periods, as the comovement between shipping and oil market becomes stronger. The spillovers are pronounced during the period of financial crisis, COVID-19 and 2014–2016, owing to the significant fluctuations in oil prices and a troubled period for marine shipping industry. © 2023 The Author(s)
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Covid-19 has been affecting the world for more than two years. The maritime sector in general has been hit hard by the pandemic as well. Since most of the world trade is carried out by sea transportation, the sector has been suffering deeply. The supply and demand chain were broken due to preventive measures such as lock-downs, travel restrictions etc. have been imposed the governments. Passenger transportation by sea was affected as well. As a result of all these the demand for ships and in turn for new buildings was dipped. Some of the shipyards got into trouble completing their ongoing projects due to financial difficulties even bankrupted. This paper deals with the problems that were surfaced during pandemic in maritime industry and for possible remedies to get out of it. Along with the global review of the impact of the pandemic, the effects on Turkish shipbuilding was also taken into consideration. © 2023 the Author(s).
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COVID-19 has recently affected global trade flows, and the primary reason is that shipping failed to adapt rapidly to meet the need for on-time delivery. Given blockchain's "revolutionary” potential, this paper aims to understand how blockchain can address longstanding inefficiencies and challenges in the shipping industry. This analysis proposes a model of how an industrywide blockchain-based consortium powered by smart contracts could resolve end-to-end contract issues with trustworthiness, thus improving efficiency in terms of time and cost. A mixed-method approach was conducted. That included 27 surveys and 20 interviews with representatives of shipping industry members. This study contributes to the blockchain and shipping supply chain literature by offering empirical data about the application of an industry-led consortium blockchain with cost, scalability, and volatility perspectives. As for the managerial implications, incentives and education are required to stimulate collaboration and commitment to blockchain for more efficient and effective global shipping trade flows.
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Розглянуто стан морських перевезет Украти в до- та пгсляпандемгчний nepiod. Дослужено змгни на ринку морських вантажних перевезень пгд впливом пандемп Covid-19. Розглянуто динамгку обсяггв вантажних перевезень морським транспортом, проаналгзовано експорт послуг морського транспорту. Дослужено кльккть тдприемств, якг надають транспортт послуги, виявлено, що частка тдприемств, якг надають транспортт послуги морським транспортом е незначною. Дослгджено фгнансовий стан тдприемств, якг надають транспортт послуги морським транспортом. У ходг роботи, було з'ясовано, що конкуренцгя на ринку морських вантажних перевезень посилюеться, а обсяги вантажгв скорочуються пгд впливом пандемп', що призводить до поггршення фгнансового стану тдприемств, якг займаються морськими вантажними перевезеннями. Розглянуто три можливих варганта вгдновлення ринку морських перевезень пгсля впливу пандемп' Covid-19.Alternate :Рассмотрено состояние морских перевозок Украины в до- и послепандемический период. Исследованы изменения на рынке морских грузовых перевозок под влиянием пандемии Covid-19. Рассмотрена динамика объемов грузовых перевозок морским транспортом, проанализирован экспорт услуг морского транспорта. Исследовано количество предприятий, оказывающих транспортные услуги, выявлено, что доля предприятий, оказывающих транспортные услуги морским транспортом, незначительна. Исследовано финансовое состояние предприятий, оказывающих транспортные услуги морским транспортом. В ходе работы было установлено, что конкуренция на рынке морских грузовых перевозок усиливается, а объемы грузов сокращаются под влиянием пандемии, что приводит к ухудшению финансового состояния предприятий, занимающихся морскими грузовыми перевозками. Рассмотрены три возможных варианта обновления рынка морских перевозок после влияния пандемии Covid-19. Ключевые слова: пандемия, транспорт, финансовое состояние, морские грузоперевозки, экспорт транспортных услуг.Alternate :The article is written in order to analyze the state of sea freight in Ukraine and assess the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the state of enterprises engaged in this activity. In Ukraine, sea freight accounts for a small part. The Covid-19 pandemic will affect almost every area of the world S economy. Given the decline in trade between countries and the reduction of production in industrialized countries in the midst of a pandemic, this has negatively affected the logistics industry, not to me tion maritime freight. The state of maritime traffic in Ukraine in the pre- and postpandemic period is considered. Changes in the maritime freight market under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic have been studied. The dynamics of freight traffic by sea is considered, the export of maritime transport services is analyzed, it was found that the volume offreight traffic in Ukraine tends to decrease, the volume of exports of freight transport by sea in Ukraine tends to increase slightly due to the increase in the cost of transport by this mode of transport. The number of enterprises that provide transport services was studied, it was found that the share of enterprises that provide transport services by sea is insignificant, however, it tends to increase. The financial condition of enterprises that provide transport services by sea has been studied. It was found that the state of maritime transport in Ukraine and the world was at its lowest level in early 2020, in the second half there was a gradual improvement, as some economies have adapted to new conditions. During the work, it was found that competition in the maritime freight market is intensifying and the volume of cargo is declining under the influence of the pandemic, which leads to a deterioration in the financial condition of enterprises engaged in maritime freight transport. The first proposed maritime trade scenario assumes that maritime trade growth rates will remain at 3.2%per year after 2020, while the second scenario assumes that maritime trade will increase in 2024 and will increase by 2.2% in 2025. year, according to the third scenario, it is assumed that by 2024 the volume of cargo transportation by sea will decrease by 15%.
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 has been affecting the world for more than two years. The maritime sector in general has been hit hard by the pandemic as well. Since most of the world trade is carried out by sea transportation, the sector has been suffering deeply. The supply and demand chain were broken due to preventive measures such as lock-downs, travel restrictions etc. have been imposed the governments. Passenger transportation by sea was affected as well. As a result of all these the demand for ships and in turn for new buildings was dipped. Some of the shipyards got into trouble completing their ongoing projects due to financial difficulties even bankrupted. This paper deals with the problems that were surfaced during pandemic in maritime industry and for possible remedies to get out of it. Along with the global review of the impact of the pandemic, the effects on Turkish shipbuilding was also taken into consideration. © 2023 the Author(s).
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Purpose: The purpose of the article is to analyse the challenges faced by the ferry operators and discuss what activities they take when operating in a turbulent environment resulted from COVID-19 pandemic and effects of economic situation of the Baltic States. Design/Methodology/Approach: Several research methods were applied, literature review, data exploration method, desk research and in-depth interviews. Findings: Research revealed lack of current publications on ferry business activity in the context of dynamic and changing drivers influencing the ferry shipowners during last three years. Practical Implications: The article emphasizes that the activities undertaken by the ferry operators allow to operate despite the negative external factors and what should be undertaken to minimalize the adverse effects. Originality/Value: The literature researching the ferry shipping is not extensive, it includes a relatively small number of scientific articles and monographs. Most of the research concerns the last decade. However, there are no current studies on the functioning of the ferry sector, the activity of which in the last three years was significantly influenced by changes that occurred in the external environment. The article fills the research gap in the ferry sector studies.
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This paper examines the stock market response of Japanese shipping firms on the COVID-19 outbreak. We adopt an event study method to investigate the announcement effect of COVID-19-related news such as the incident of largest numbers of cases in a cruise ship, the Princess Diamond on February 3, 2020 and the tight border closing by the Japanese Government on March 9, 2020. Our empirical results show that the negative abnormal returns are significant for both of these pessimistic COVID-19-related events. The negative return on the incident of Princess Diamond persisted for 30 trading days. Moreover, the negative abnormal return of port operations was stronger than maritime transportation after 30 days. Furthermore, we find that the tight border closing policy persisted for only eight trading days. Finally, we find that government policy responses are effective to mitigate negative announcement effects on COVID-related news post the tightened border control.
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In Tomoya Kawasaki, Takuma Matsuda, Yui-yip Lau and Xiaowen Fu (The durability of economic indicators in container shipping demand: a case study of East Asia–US container transport), the durability of economic indicators on container movements from East Asia to the USA are identified by a vector autoregression model using monthly-based time-series data. Takuma Matsuda, Enna Hirata and Tomoya Kawasaki aim to contribute to the empirical literature on the container shipping industry market structure (Monopoly in the container shipping market: an econometric approach). Phong Nha Nguyen and Hwayoung Kim aim to identify the characteristics of the maritime shipping network in Northeast Asia as well as compare the level of port connectivity among these container ports in the region (Analyzing the international connectivity of the major container ports in Northeast Asia).
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In recent years global container shipping saw few major disrupting events that are likely to challenge container shipping business model. First, COVID-19 epidemic caused a major disruption to the global container shipping industry that became challenged by timely delivery of critical life-saving supplies. As a result of Covid-19, container trade volumes and container port volumes have declined over the first months of 2020 with container ship idling rate reaching 15%. Second, the blockage of the Evergreen mega conmanship vessel at the Suez Canal disrupted the global supply chain. Collectively, these events create a basis for questioning the efficiency of a business model relying only on major shipping corridors and using predominately mega containerships. The purpose of this research is to study container shipping along the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which is positioned as one of the emerging global shipping corridors. The Russian Federation is investing in NSR development and planning to launch a subsidized regular container shipment from the Far East to Murmansk or Saint Petersburg along the NSR on a testing base already this year, 2022. This study aiming at investigating the feasibility of container shipping on the NSR using a business model approach, we map existing and future capabilities of container shipping and public acceptance of such shipping by major players. The authors examine changing institutional environment and conduct a survey of major industry players, academia, administrators, and NGOs. The results of the study contribute to the literature on the NSR feasibility and provide practically relevant information to container shipping industry stakeholders. © 2022 IEEE.
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Oil and gas industry have experienced problems as oil prices have once again crashed, this time due to the destruction of demand associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the war on prices between Russia and Saudi Arabia and other Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries members. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.